Bob Marley Essay Example for Free

Sway Marley Essay In a period of political, monetary, and social turmoil, another method of dissent was starting to rise up out of Jamaica as reggae music. It was 1963 when a youngster from Jamaica by the name of Robert Nesta Marley, otherwise called â€Å"Bob Marley†, framed a band called The Wailers, who might without a doubt become one of the main reggae groups to ascend from the mistreatment of the underdeveloped nation. The nation of Jamaica had quite recently picked up autonomy from the U. K. in 1962, however was definitely not a free country. People with significant influence decided to abuse the country’s not many principle trades, principally bauxite, a mineral utilized during the time spent assembling aluminum. The initial ten years of Jamaican autonomy saw extensive financial development, yet these additions were kept away from the country’s urban poor. From his book, Reggae, Rastafari, and the Rhetoric of Social Control, Stephen A. Lord composes, â€Å"After freedom, the Jamaican Labor Party’s â€Å"Five Year Plan† didn't create monetary success at the same time, rather, considerably more prominent imbalance of living conditions† (47). Lord cites Adam Kuper, â€Å"As the Jamaican Labor Party urged remote nations to put resources into and extend Jamaica’s assembling and bauxite enterprises, the customary quest for agribusiness, ranger service, and angling dropped to a low of 10 percent of Jamaica’s total national o utput in 1968 (47). Marley decided to join the Rastafarian development, a strict program that was an unmistakable gathering in Jamaica. The Rastafarian confidence assisted with filling Marley’s reason in music, which was to engage and motivate the individuals who were being held somewhere around the nation’s wealthier class. A little rustic town called Nine Miles situated in the ward of Sainte Ann is the place Bob Marley was conceived. Marley lived with his grandparents in the network of Sainte Anne, individuals who followed customs they had gained from their initial African precursors. These traditions included narrating which would be one of Marley’s signature characteristics during his songwriting profession. At the point when Marley was an adolescent, his mom chose to remove him from Sainte Anne, and moved him to Jamaica’s capital Kingston in the region of Trench Town. This would be the place Marley would start to set out on his melodic excursion. Like most urban Jamaican urban communities, Trench Town was poor and the entirety of its occupants including the high school Marley lived in destitution. During this time Marley figured out how to safeguard himself against the unpleasant town local people, and as opposed to tailing them Marley chose to give nearer consideration to music. As one writer writes, â€Å"Despite the neediness, despair and different disagreeable exercises that continued some ghetto tenants, Trench Town was likewise a socially rich network where Bob Marleys inexhaustible melodic gifts were supported. A deep rooted wellspring of motivation, Bob deified Trench Town in his tunes No Woman No Cry (1974), Trench Town Rock (1975) and Trench Town, the last discharged after death in 1983† (Ruff, â€Å"Bob’s Early Life†). Marley’s beginnings in the music business were with a type of music known as ska. Ska happened in Jamaica during the late 1950’s and mid 60’s. Ska was propelled by American RB music that could be heard through U.S. radio aviation routes on the transistor radio. Ska was a mixing of America’s RB and Jamaica’s island beat, a blend of calypso and mento. Creator Stephen A. Lord composes, â€Å"Perhaps ska can best be described as a result of creolization, obtaining intensely from dark American music (jazz, gospel, and RB), while likewise joining indigenous (mento) and African components into its sound† (24). Numerous residents of Jamaica couldn't manage the cost of radios to tune in to music or keep up on any news reports originating from the island. So the Jamaican sound frameworks, cell phones, for example, vans or melodic gear on wheels, would be utilized to have moves, and the disk jockeys would likewise utilize their sound frameworks to educate his audience members on political happenings. Lord expresses that, â€Å"As one of only a handful scarcely any reasonable social exercises for poor people, the sound framework carried music to places where the voice of poor people could be heard without impedance by neighborhood authorities† (16). Like a large portion of the world during this time, the dark populace was not permitted any political force, and many started to look for approaches to stand up to. One of the strategies utilized as a way to inactively retaliate against the irregularity was the Rastafarian religion. The Rastafarian religion was brought into the world right off the bat in the twentieth century, yet its foundations go back the extent that the late 1800’s when slaves felt constrained to rebel against the estate proprietors on the conviction that God was calling them to battle for opportunity. In 1927, a man named Marcus Garvey delivered to Jamaicans the premise of the Rastafarian religion, which was to seek Africa for the delegated of a lord. This would be an indication for Jamaica that opportunity is close. From Africana, the Encyclopedia of the African and the African-American Experience, creator Roanne Edwards cites Garvey: â€Å"Look to Africa for the delegated of a ruler to realize that your reclamation is nigh† (Edwards 1592). In 1930 Ras Tafari was delegated ruler of Ethiopia andâ baptized with the name Haile Selassie. From that second on the Rastafarians of Jamaica would perceive the lord of Ethiopia as the living savior. The religion of Rastafarianism was intended to engage Jamaica’s dark populace by thinking about vigorously African legacy and accepted that the western culture was today’s realm of Babylon, a degenerate city that benefitted from the persecuted. Some portion of the Rastafarian confidence was to develop dreadlocks, this would get one of Marley’s signature highlights, however Marley was not following any patterns, his motivation for wearing his hair in dreadlocks had further importance than negligible design. As cited from Rolling Stone, â€Å"Until Babylon fell, as per one legend; the Rastas would not trim their hair. They developed it long in a fearsome appearance called dreadlocks† (Gilmore 5). Another component from the Rastafarian Movement was the utilization of pot to make a more profound association with Selassie. Marley utilized maryjane as an imaginative outlet in song writing and Marley, alongside numerous Rasta artists, followed the custom of smoking weed or â€Å"ganja† for this otherworldly experience. Marley’s melodies originated from a profound otherworldly assurance, to spread the message of the Rastafarian confidence and to battle against the individuals who looked to put down poor people and less blessed of the world. As indicated by creator Rex Ruff, â€Å"Bob Marley reaffirms his adherence to Rastafari on Forever Loving Jah from Uprising the last collection discharged during his lifetime. Uprising highlights the acoustic Redemption Song which begs the audience: liberate yourselves from mental servitude none however ourselves can free our brain, emphasizing oneself enabling feelings that Rastafarian fundamentals have tried to set up (Bob and Rastafarian Beliefs). The poor of Jamaica were dependent upon hardship due to the choices that were being made by the ideological groups set up after Jamaica had become a free country. On one hand, there was the Peoples National Party, drove by Michael Manley, who battled for sacred rights, and then again, there was the Jamaican L abor Party, drove by Edward Seaga, who wanted to put Jamaica’s capital interests abroad before the government assistance of the country. Both the People’s National Party and the Jamaican Labor Party were fundamentally run by white individuals and Marley took neither side, however was said to have little kindness towards Michael Manley’s People’s National Party. In 1976 the December decisions were moving close and vicious fights were assuming control over the avenues of Kingston. Marley had become such an unmistakable icon for Jamaican residents and the People’s National Party thought a show performed by Marley would help quiet the city during the political race. Marley consented to perform with his band The Wailers at the Smile Jamaica show. Despite the fact that Marley had communicated political nonpartisanship, some accepted that Marley had favor for Michael Manley’s side. During practice, only two days before the show, Marley and a few individuals from his band were taken shots at. Nobody engaged with the shooting were killed, however both Marley and his director at the time endured wounds. Marley proceeded to perform at the Smile Jamaica show to keep the harmony, however fled the nation following the show finished. After the Smile Jamaica show Marley performed again at the One Love Peace show where he convinced Michael Manley and Edward Seaga up on the phase to shake hands. This show represented Marley’s genuine want for harmony and amicability between the ideological groups of Jamaica’s new government. As Gilmore composes, â€Å"On April 22nd, at the One Love Peace Concert, Marley figured out how to persuade both Michael Manley and Edward Saga in front of an audience with him and held their han ds along with his in a motion of coexistence† (Gilmore 9). Marley passed on of malignant growth at the youthful age of 36, however his music is as yet alive and arrives at several individuals each and every day. Something that made Marley’s music so viable was his capacity to talk a serious message through an innovative song. From Rolling Stone, â€Å"He was a magnificent tune essayist, and his songs’ implying pop guides maneuver the audience into the real factors Marley was describing† (Gillmore 12). Albeit a significant part of the Marley heritage lives on in America as a simple pattern, one who decides to look further into his message will feel the force Marley had proposed through his verse that was intended for a mistreated country.

Conventional Books vs E-Book Essay

As past occasions go, there’s little that is progressively antiquated, calm and essential as perusing a book. Or on the other hand, at any rate, that used to be the situation. In any case, with the serious surge of electronic perusers, or tablets, hitting the market just as tablet applications for cell phones, the perusing experience has been getting a dynamically present day makeover. The details are in and the battle is on. By and large book deals have dropped in 2008 and 2009, as per the American Association of Publishers (AAP). While grown-up hardcover books really expanded by over 6% in 2009, eBook deals, which represent 4% of all book deals, have expanded an astounding 176%. Are these figures telling the story of the tape as the distributing business battles to recover their status as a downturn evidence industry? Are eBooks en route to disposing of conventional books inside and out? The greater part of us love to peruse and a large portion of us have our inclinations for the stage we read from. Will you be a conventionalist and remain behind the old gatekeeper? Bill McCoy, official executive of International Digital Publishing Forum, situated in Seattle, Washington, said that while it’s difficult to measure exactly how the offer of advanced books (digital books) is developing, it’s clear that the deals, as a level of the general market, are in the twofold digits â€Å"and on a quickly developing vector†. â€Å"Amazon is stating that they’re selling more digital books than hardcover books. Also, much of the time, contingent upon the title, they may be selling more digital books than physical books. † A generally new wonder is that tablet, be it Kindle, ipad or various other new contenders coming into the commercial center. At the point when we consider our condition, these gadgets appear to be more ecologically agreeable than our ordinary paper and cardboard book, even a soft cover. There are sure material to genuine book, simply feeling the paper, turning the pages. Be that as it may, on the surfaces, the tablet would appear to be a lot greener. Tablet versus traditional book is a provocative inquiry. All things considered, at the present time, there are some serious issues with customary book distributing, of which you ought to know, on the off chance that you will probably get this network to get and, at that point to give your work. The first is circulation through book shops has never been harder. Most distributers offer to stores on credit. On the off chance that books don’t take off racks under the control of purchasers, they’re came back to distributers, rapidly. Your title doesn’t get extremely long introduction or time to set up itself. Other than that, books used to be kept â€Å"in print† and accessible for longer timeframes, much of the time, for quite a long time. Presently, they’re put to death rapidly, if starting deals are something besides energetic. Other than that, we live in a time of the big name book. On the off chance that Oprah needs to compose an eating regimen book, it will be a beast hit; you realize that. Be that as it may, the most energizing, best in class, exceptionally credentialed nutritionist might not get an opportunity of breaking into print. Next, distributers anticipate that creators should put forth them productive through close to home special attempts. â€Å"What would you say you will do to sell this book? † is the significant inquiry they pose, and specialists will let you know, without an individual promise to sell your own duplicates, expressed in your book proposition, you won’t get a distributer to nibble. Something else, distributers are confused, themselves, about what to put out there. Hesitant to lead, and hesitant to follow the accomplishment of others, they resemble the notorious deer in the headlights. It used to be the situation that in the event that you needed data regarding a matter you either went to your library or to your nearby book shop. Not any longer. By heading off to the Internet, you can gather what could be compared to a book, quick and pretty much, for nothing. Distributers haven’t made sense of how to sell content at a higher cost than normal, in a situation wherein such a large amount of it is accessible, in a split second, in vain. There are options in contrast to ordinary book distributing, including independently publishing and utilizing media options, for example, sounds and recordings. A normal book is better. In addition to the fact that it is increasingly dependable and you don’t need to stress over it biting the dust, however there is simply something uncommon about inclination the smooth intro page and the unpleasant edges of the thick, coarse bits of paper that have been perused by such huge numbers of. In the event that you get a digital book you click, download, and read. There’s in no way like the sentiment of completing a great book. You need to impart it to somebody! You can’t share a digital book. digital books are extremely just useful for movement. The vast majority of the individuals decline digital books either however lean towards perusing ordinary books. Perusers like to peruse in bed so it’s simpler the traditional way; they generally find it’s simpler on the eye to peruse a regular book. It appears that our eyes feel progressively worn out for perusing digital book. Perusing in the web truly harms people’s eyes. Anyway, we ought to ensure our eyes. There are individuals who read both yet by a long shot incline toward a genuine book. In the innovation period, there are a few points of interest and brilliant future for digital book. The first is from the finding the book from the shelf. Contingent upon what number of books perusers have, and how composed they are, this can be a genuinely overwhelming errand for customary books. A few people used to have composed the books by the name of writer, sort of the books or one after another in order by title. That fell by the wayside the last time they moved. While they masterminded it, they are totally arbitrary inside the manner in which they composed. That may not seem as though inconvenience, however for somebody who has a great deal of books, for example, it can make any one book precarious to discover. While scanning for a book on the virtual shelves inside the digital book application is just somewhat simpler. Utilizing digital book application, making it simple to discover a book by composing the title, by writer or by how oftentimes individuals read the book. Furthermore is going with books. A few people used to travel a great deal and it was everything they could do to fill the weariness of those long excursions with perusing. It implied perusers needed to carry a great deal of books with them, which burdened their gear. Going with digital books is something that they call paradise. They can near 200 books and 30 or 40 magazines on their digital book application. The customary books stack parcel of kilograms however then utilizing the digital book simply just a couple of grams. From this side, individuals more like to utilizing digital book as opposed to ordinary books. By and large, perusing a digital book is far better than perusing a conventional paper book. Right off the bat, the convenientce of digital book. The great thing about electronic content is that it occupies for all intents and purposes no space, in both a physical and advanced sense. In the event that perusers have a capacity card, they can stroll around with at any rate twelve books, and most likely a lot more than that. Regardless of whether they don’t have a capacity card, they can at present stroll around with a reasonable assortment of three to six books (once more, contingent upon book size and accessible memory). As a rule it’s difficult to convey even one book around with individuals. The capacity capacities of most digital books permit perusers to convey a sensible assortment of understanding materials or potentially reference writings. Since they presumably convey their handheld around with them wherever in any case, the comfort factor increments about exponentially. Since digital book is computerized, in addition to the fact that they are super-versatile, however they additionally open up the opportunities for some extremely valuable highlights. First of all, since most digital book is in some type of computerized content record, perusers can look the content for words or expressions. This is useful when perusers need to discover a statement or another particular segment of the book. This can cut minutes, if not hours, off of totally pointless pursuits for specific sections. Furthermore, advanced organizations are expecting duplicate insurance doesn’t disrupt the general flow that can be copied always without rot or any genuine cost. We’ll delve further into the points of interest of this issue later in the arrangement, yet on the off chance that the digital book permits it, this duplication capacity can make it workable for individuals to impart books to their companions while never having to really surrender one of their assets. This is useful for distributers (and ideally essayists also), who don’t need to pay any creation costs. This thus should drive the costs down for the perusers. While the computerized idea of the digital book in principle raises the adequacy of digital book, it likewise raises a couple of thoughts that are fascinating and worth scrutinizing in this arrangement. digital book likewise simple to be perused. The electronic organization offers perusers considerably more advantages over customary paper books. digital book can be perused in an assortment of lighting circumstances, and because of the illuminated screens that most palm PCs have, individuals can peruse a digital book in generally low or no light circumstances, for example, on the metro, during evening excursions, or in bed when they don’t need to upset their accomplice. Favorable circumstances of regular books over electronic is resale esteem. Like music downloads, individuals will always really be unable to exchange electronic books. In the event that they are into collectable books, this is an especially large issue and they should just utilize physical titles. Perusing ease is likewise one of the benefits of ordinary books. This one is just actually an advantage for those that would somehow peruse digital book on their PCs or telephones. On the off chance that perusers purchase a business tablet, it will presumably utilize ink innovation that won't hurt their eyes with backdrop illumination. Never the less, perusers don’t need to stress over this issue with a physical book. Other than that, no gadgets required. On the off chance that perusers wind up in a humble community without their mobile phone or PC, they won’t have the option to download another title for your digital book, however they can generally stop by a neighborhood book shop and get another soft cover. Ordinary books have no batteries. While most perusers have a decent battery life, there will even now be times whe

Examine A Selected Research Issue, Set In The Context Of Evidence

Examine A Selected Research Issue, Set In The Context Of Evidence Examine A Selected Research Issue, Set In The Context Of Evidence Based Practice (EBP), Policy And â€" Essay Example > Evidence Based Nursing (EBN)Table of ContentIntroductionPolicy context of research and EBPAppraisal of research paradigms Evaluation of aspects of the research process Ethical frameworksData collectionAnalysis ConclusionBibliography/ReferencesI. IntroductionEvidence-based practice is relatively new in nursing. The objectives of this type of practice are to continually develop and strengthen the quality of nursing interventions. It is introduced on in the context of the movement for evidence-based medicine (EBM) and evidence-based practice (EBP). For last two decades it has focused on the identification and consideration of strategies to overcome barriers to EBP. These barriers include substantive variations in nursing practice and nursing results; lack of guidelines for nursing practice; time constraints; limited access to the research literature; lack of skills in clinical appraisal; lack of coordination between the different health care sectors; and lack of skills in information seeking. On top of this, nurses claim that the prevailing professional ideology emphasises practical skills rather than intellectual knowledge, and that their work environment does not encourage information seeking. Such barriers resulted in different initiatives such as national and international conferences, journals, books, teaching programmes and centres. These activities often share a positive but largely uncritical approach, stating directly or indirectly that EBN is something we must have, and that it is something we must have now. While the interest among nurses in nursing practice, in education and in research - nationally and internationally - has increased, at the same time many nurses do not embrace EBN with enthusiasm, probably because it appears to hold such limited relevance for their everyday practice needs. Some of the underlying assumptions in EBN and their implications in a selected research issue in the context of evidence based practice (EBP) will be discussed in this paper. (Law, 2002)II. Policy context of research and EBPGovernment agencies and institutes are actively supporting this new phenomenon. The international journal Evidence-Based Nursing in UK and The Centre for Evidence-Based Nursing (CEBN) in US are proof active support of policy makers for the cause of this new practice. The international journal Evidence-Based Nursing began in January 1998 'as a direct response to a dilemma of practitioners who want to use research, but are thwarted by overwhelming clinical demands, an ever burgeoning research literature, and for many, a lack of skills in critical appraisal. The journal is published quarterly with the support of the United Kingdom's Royal College of Nursing. It has the aim 'to select from the health related literature those articles reporting studies and reviews that warrant immediate attention by nurses attempting to keep pace with important advances in their profession. (Law, 2002) The Centre for Evidence-Based Nursin g (CEBN), part of the Department of Health Sciences at the University of York, is concerned with furthering EBN through education, research and development. Its research activities are listed on the Centre's home page. Its aims are to generate reliable research evidence for clinical nursing through primary research and systematic reviews of the efficacy of caring methods and nursing interventions; its staff are researching into how nurses in practice use their clinical expertise alongside both research evidence and patient preferences in making decisions; they are also evaluating the impact of teaching EBN on nursing practice and organisations.

Family Provides Unconditional Love and Support Essay

Family A Family is important to any person because family is a universal institution and a close unit of persons emotionally attached to each other in a way that the problem of one affects all. The family unit becomes stronger especially in times of sorrow and pain like death, disease, ailment, loss and casualty. They bring the loved ones together to share with each other. A family is important because one may be unable to make decisions yourself if he/she is incapacitated in some way, such as being unconscious. The family unit is very important to someone’s development, growth and healthy upbringing. Much of what someone learns is through his/her family or guardian. Family is considered as the main and strong unit of the society and†¦show more content†¦It is within community that children and families establish roots and discover who they are and what their potential is. It takes an entire community, with all that this entails to raise a healthy, confident and suc cessful adult and citizen. It is strong, vibrant and viable families and communities that in turn create a society that is both economically and socially prosperous - at the heart of this society is learning and it begins in the family. Anyone without family is always a case of insecurity. They rarely feel confident enough to take any bold steps and actions in their lives. Family members the pillars based on which the children build their lives, if one of these pillars is missing then one can imagine how difficult it is to carry on one pillar alone. Many of the children seen to be facing family problems become mentally disturb. Children living without family are five times more likely to live in poverty than children living with the family. My family history has influenced me to be a strong person and respect others. Respect is a key to successful life. Respect is when we are kind to people then they are kind to us. Respect is listening to the teachers and obeying our parents. I hav e learned from my family to respect everyone around me. I have learned to respect human life at all ages and in all forms even if I do not like someone. Respecting others has made meShow MoreRelatedLove Is Not Based On Conditions And Prejudice1082 Words   |  5 PagesThe only love that is not based on conditions and prejudice is between children and parents. The power of such bond is unperceived by many and only taken for granted. However, to maintain that bond, parents and children are obligated to earnestly sacrifice for each other. A prospering relationship is unachievable with unrequited love; both individuals need to demonstrate their value for one another. 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Anyone who could use the emotional or physical support that pets provide should really consider adding aRead MoreDogs And Cats Need Training907 Words   |  4 PagesDogs and cats need training and they provide communication and health benefits to their companions. First, cats are adaptable to their surroundings. They know how to problem solve. Training them can be difficult because of their independence and they have a hard time following through on what they are told to do. Cats are lap pets. They enjoy sitting around and snuggling up to their companions. They love playing with a ball or strings. Cats love to show that they have conquered and

Essay Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth

Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth In act 1 scene, we see lady MacBeth reading a letter that her husband, MacBeth has sent her, it has been written as a soliloquy, she reads aloud to the audience how he has been given information about his future by a group of witches. MacBeth sent this letter to his wife quickly, he is was obviously pleased with the news and wanted her to know about it. This gives the audience the impression that Lady MacBeth was very dominant in their relationship, and by telling her about the prophecy she would know what to do. Lady MacBeth already knows that MacBeth is the Thane of Cawdor and according to the witches prophecy he will soon be King. But she says,†¦show more content†¦In this soliloquy Lady MacBeth calls upon all that is evil to help her in her quest, Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here And fill me from crown to the top-full Of direst cruelty Lady MacBeth calls upon evil to make her immune to remorse and make all that is good inside her evil, she tr ies to lose all her feminine qualities because she thins that by being a woman it would make her weaker. Come to my womans breasts, And take my milk for gall, Lady MacBeth uses this sentence to show that she is ready to sacrifice everything for her husband. In scene 7, Lady MacBeth shows another side to her character She is trying to convince MacBeth to murder Duncan, From this time Such I account thy love. Art thou afeard To be the same in thine own act and valour As thou art in desire? By questioning Macbeths love for she is morally blackmailing him into doing this deed, she also calls him a coward for getting what he wants, Letting I dare not wait upon I would, Like the poor cat i the adage?she also makes fun of him, she is trying to make out that unless he does this he wont be a man. She is calling him chicken. In Shakespeares time killing a king was the worst sin, the plot that Lady MacBeth and her husband had would have resulted, in the eyes of the Shakespearean people beingS how MoreRelatedThe Downfall of Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Downfall of Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth William Shakespeares Macbeth has been a theatrical favorite since Elizabethan times. Its timeless themes of ambition, fate, violence, and insanity collaborate to produce a captivating plot. The audience traces the disintegration of a tragic hero and his willful wife. 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Doubt in To The Lighthouse Virginia Woolf’s Use of Symbolism and Tone Free Essays

Virginia Woolf’s use of several literary devices, most especially tone and symbolism, can be seen in To The Lighthouse by dissecting important passages and analyzing how certain phrases connect with the work as a whole by enhancing the overall theme. The passage that Woolf best utilizes to convey both symbolism and tone can be found in her second chapter of the final section. Here she says, â€Å"He must have had his doubts about that table, she supposed; whether the table was a real table; whether it was worth the time he gave to it; whether he was able after all to find it. We will write a custom essay sample on Doubt in To The Lighthouse: Virginia Woolf’s Use of Symbolism and Tone or any similar topic only for you Order Now He had had doubt, she felt, or he would have asked less of people† (155). It is interesting to note that the theme of doubt and the subjectivity of feelings as they relate to material and nonmaterial objects continues throughout the text and the previous passage highlights this along with Woolf’s literary techniques by using the table as a symbol and the tone of introspection and guessing. This work is especially important and significant as a work of literature due to these important aspects used throughout. The previous passage should be understood in context with the events and the characters that are involved. Mr. Ramsey is a central figure of the piece, who serves as the host along with his wife of many guests to their summer house. His troubled marriage and his own doubts about his perception of how his life really is in contrast to how others may see it. His appraisal of the table, therefore, confuses one of his guests, Lily who is an aspiring artist or more specifically a painter. It is her voice in the passage that conveys the tone of the novel and that is one of subjectivity and the illusion that one person can understand another. Mr. Ramsey, on the other hand, helps to support the symbolism in this passage by simply using the table as a type of symbol to what constitutes what is important or beautiful in life as compared to what may be seen by others as unimportant or plain. The fact that the table is a solid object is also interesting in that this implies that even solid objects can be viewed differently by different people and it is not only relationships and all in life that is not static that is subject to deep thought and contemplation. While Lily contemplates that Mr. Ramsey has doubts about the reality of the table and believes that his doubts give way to his continual demands from others, it may be quite the opposite. Mr. Ramsey as the head of the household and the central figure and host of many dinner parties may see the table as the place where he is most comfortable and in charge of others, rather than in doubt of himself. Since the reader is only getting the point of view from Lily, Mr. Ramsey’s appraisal of the importance of or even the reality of the table is myopic. This ties in with the theme of doubt and the subjectivity of constructed reality that changes from individual to individual that permeates the passage, the chapter, and the novel as a whole. Lily, herself as an artist, presents her views from the eyes of an aesthetic and she has been influenced by this time by the late Mrs. Ramsey. But the philosophical ponderings of Mr. Ramsey among other events have given her doubts as to her ability to create anything of real meaning in her art and in her life. The final section of the work is the most sentimental and philosophical. By the time this passage has been uttered many deaths have occurred and the bridges that separate the remaining Ramseys and Lily are becoming more pronounced. The tone that Wolff uses has, to this point, been filled with confusion and foreshadowing and there is reason to believe that consonance might be found with the family when the remaining members, Mr. Ramsey and his son and daughter, finally do set out to see the lighthouse. There is some hope that with all the confusion and altered realities of the main characters at the close of the novel, that maybe all of them will see this lighthouse in the same way. For the entirety of the text, Woolf presents her characters as only guessing about the feelings and thoughts of others by how they view static objects, like the table in the passage. In the beginning of the book, the subject of the table comes up in terms of philosophy when Lily asks to have explained Mr. Ramsey’s thoughts on philosophy by his son Andrew. ‘Subject and object are the nature of reality’, Andrew had said. And when she said Heavens, she had no notion what that meant. ‘Think of a kitchen table then’, he told her, ‘when you’re not there’† (23). The fact that there are many missing people from the table towards the piece’s ending is what fashions the interactions between the characters to make meaning of their existence and to w eave all of this together with the subjective realities that each character has toward both the living and the deceased. This illustrates Woolf’s theme and her intentions for her audience to understand how the table is tied into the philosophy of Mr. Ramsey, who has become worn and saddened over the years, just as the table has been worn by time. As well, this illustrates Woolf’s use of the character Lily as a person, who is able to create objects that are new and subject to a redeeming action if her art is viewed by others to be important. As well, even if her art cannot save or redeem others in the end, she can by her own subjective reality, redeem herself in a deep and lasting fashion by discarding her doubts about herself. Certainly, Mr. Ramsey, Andrew and Cam all have doubts about the strength of their relationship and the value that is placed on visiting the lighthouse. What comes to be on this trip is not a singularity of vision between the Ramseys and Lily, but instead warmer feelings toward one another and the final realization that the only thing that can be shared is solitude. That dream of sharing, completing, of finding in solitude on the beach an answer, was then but a reflection in a mirror, and the mirror itself was but the surface glassiness which forms in quiescence when the nobler powers sleep beneath† (134). To be truly noble then, Wolff suggests that this singular vision without doubt or regret that each man or woman has is not something that can be shared, but instead it is to know that every one is alone is their vision for perfection within themselves and others. Everything else is subject to change or even the static objects like the table can be viewed differently, only we can know what we want and how casting off doubts imposed by others is what can essentially set us free. Woolf effectively utilizes the table as a symbol for the static in the world that can be seen as beautiful or ugly just as she uses objects like the mirror as a metaphor for solitude. The lighthouse, as well, is a beacon of light in the darkness, a darkness that is felt in loneliness. However, it is discovered by Lily that loneliness is noble when accepting it and discarding doubts about what is underneath the subjective surface of all things. Woolf’s introspective tone, used especially by Lily and the overall them of doubt and confusion in a world filled with change, both in the passing of time and even in the moments shared with others that may have different views illustrate how not even time changes the nature of the soul of men or women. How to cite Doubt in To The Lighthouse: Virginia Woolf’s Use of Symbolism and Tone, Papers

Speak free essay sample

The truth is opening your heart can be dangerous. My solution has always been to write it down piece by piece. Taking a deep breath and looking at an unfamiliar crowd, I let poetry speak the words that I normally would not say. I am usually not the type of girl who will scream â€Å"Hello† across the street if I see someone familiar, nor will I approach a complete stranger and begin a conversation. Instead, I will giggle when I run out of things to say and smile when left speechless. What I find more comfortable is for the other person to speak while I listen attentively. Sometimes it’s difficult for me to face the fact that I’m actually shy. After a week-long vacation, tenth grade returned like a long lost friend. Swarming out of the furthest elevator, an array of students blocked the path to my English class. We will write a custom essay sample on Speak or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moving an inch at a time, I slowly reached the center of the hallway where my friend was awaiting me. Coming across a bulletin that was difficult to miss, and intriguing, I saw in echoing bubble letters: â€Å"Poetry Slam.† I admitted to my friend how interesting the event sounded. The problem is â€Å"interesting† is not a word; it is a placeholder used when something else wants to be said instead. What I really meant to tell her was that I had journals at home rich with meaning and teeming with life. The poetry slam came as no surprise; I had heard of the event since the ninth grade, but I knew I couldn’t do it alone. And before I knew it meetings and rehearsals had flown by and my friend and I, along with twenty other brave souls, were scheduled to be in the poetry slam. When the day finally arrived, I thought, â€Å"Have I completely lost my mind?! I can’t do this.† As the lights dimmed, students began crouching on the floor near seats that had already been filled. I crossed my arms over my chest as my foot shook involuntarily up and down. Poets, seated in the first two rows, all held their heads high and were rehearsing words that were sinking into the deep silence I was trying to create. â€Å"Next is Katrina with Unspoken.' Startled back into reality, I staggered through the air feeling motionless. The slight breeze from the window was allowing me to float from my thought-provoking seat to the promising stage where the virtue of waiting was going to pay off. Holding tight onto the podium to keep my balance steady, I began, The truth is My heart was pounding because I knew that this subtle gesture had taken a lot of courage. I had to remember I chose what to say, how to say it, and most importantly why I’m saying it. Words cannot replace fear. Words cannot embrace an emotion. One cannot live with sentences alone. Words began jumping right off the page of my journal into the minds of others. No, wait. That was my voice bouncing off the walls into the ears of those who cared. Yes, I spoke and they finally listened there is no greater reward than pouring your heart out to those who will gently hold it. Slowly but surely, my nerves turned into courage. From now on I can refer to myself as the shy, but not so quiet, girl.

Levi Strauss free essay sample

As one attempts to assess the business ethics of Levi Strauss and Nike in this writing assignment, we are again compelled to revisit the critical distinction of conduct that is legal, yet still unethical. In both instances, Levi Strauss and Nike behaved with the parameters of legal conduct, yet few would argue that profiting from exploitive work conditions is an ethical behavior of any socially responsible organization (broad view social responsibility). Obviously, it’s very tempting to just condense this argument to the point of â€Å"bad companies boosting profits from lower labor costs via exploiting foreign workers in sweatshops†. I am going to take a much broader approach here in my assessment, as complete fairness to the two corporations here requires a bit of an indictment of the legal, regulatory, political, and socioeconomic environment that they operate in. So, let’s start there †¦ how is it that both of these large corporations are permitted (and driven) to outsource (with relative impunity) labor to countries with poor labor laws? In order to fairly assess their conduct, one must first examine the system under which they operate. We will write a custom essay sample on Levi Strauss or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How has corporate America gone down this path? Why do so many large U. S. corporations outsource labor en masse, which costs the U. S. economy so many jobs domestically? Let’s start by looking in the mirror and by that I mean you and I †¦ the U. S. consumer. Our thirst for cheap merchandise made overseas knows no limits. Do any of us look at the country of origin for goods, and if it’s non-U. S. do we even pause for a second to consider boycotting said goods due to loss of American jobs? Or boycott due to the nation of origin’s reputation for worker abuse? Of course we don’t. We want that Japanese high definition television from Wal-Mart that costs $100 less. We want the clothing from China or Indonesia that is 30% cheaper than similar brands made here. So, my first premise in this entire argument is that American consumers are NOT socially responsible in their purchasing habits. This lack of social responsibility on the demand side is a catalyst for Levi Strauss and Nike to seek cheaper labor overseas – for if they do not, their competitors assuredly will and they will be at a competitive disadvantage. Now, let’s assess the legal and regulatory environment under which both entities operate in the United States. Has Congress made it illegal to outsource labor to countries that they know are abusing their labor forces? In general, of course not. Congress maintains a blind eye to the problem, debating it over the years here and there in a politically motivated, half-hearted effort to occasionally placate certain voting segments (labor unions; displaced workers). Do they tougher their stance? Do they for one minute say to themselves, â€Å"this is really wrong, and socially irresponsible†? By inaction Congress is tacitly approving this practice, which of course is what powerful corporate lobbyists want. The profit motive has large U. S. corporations addicted to cheap labor now; Pandora’s Box has been opened and no one has the political will to attempt to close it. So let’s recap so far: we’ve indicted the U. S. consumer and our lawmakers in the legislative branch of the U. S. government (Congress) as major cultivators of the pro-outsourcing environment for which Levi Strauss and Nike must successfully operate under. Next on our list of socially irresponsible contributing parties – the judicial branch of the U.S. government. When the U. S. Supreme Court found in 2010 that the formation of so called â€Å"Super PACs† for campaign donations was legal, this gave corporations new powers under the law to, in effect, buy our government via opulent and obscene campaign spend funneled to candidates. The end result of this ruling is that corporations that profit greatly from outsourced labor are now able to pay for the elections of our Congressmen – and gee, wonder how this economic â€Å"favor† will be repaid when attempts to rein in outsourcing come up in Congress? Let’s move on to our two protagonists in this debate: Levi Strauss and Nike. Now that we’ve got the backdrop well in hand, and a reasonable person would agree that a massive systemic failure in the U. S. has allowed and promoted unchecked outsourcing of jobs, it’s time to discuss these two corporate giants and their respective behaviors here. Do these two corporations have a responsibility to monitor the conduct of the companies they do business within particular, their contractors and suppliers? As a personal believer in the broader view of corporate social  responsibility, I believe that they do. Notwithstanding the fact that all of this outsourcing is legal, and despite the mitigating factors that I’ve argued above that do alleviate these two companies of all of the blame – I still believe that they need to take the higher moral ground. Levi Strauss overall has conducted itself with far greater corporate social responsibility than Nike has, in my judgment. Strauss for many years withdrew from China due to their notoriety as a non-democratic country with abusive labor conditions. Regrettably, it had to re-enter China eventually to keep pace with competitors. Also, witness the way that Strauss treated its displaced U. S. workers as it (with some remorse) eventually had to close all its U. S. plants due to competition from outsourcers. Strauss gave generous severance and retraining dollars to the affected workers. In my estimation, Strauss has had to compromise its socially responsible corporate culture due to pressures from the warped competitive environment that was designed around them. It became a matter of survival for their corporation; their management had to adapt or risk failure and loss of the shareholders’ investments in the company. That is why I authored the overview above – I think it’s highly relevant to assessing Strauss’s conduct here. The system failed Levi Strauss – they wanted to behave under the broad definition of corporate social responsibility, but the demand for cheaper outsourced goods by consumers and the legality of outsourcing jobs (Congressional oversight failure) forced an adaptive change against their moral grain. Nike, however, is no apologist when it comes to their outsourcing. In fact, they are proud of it – even boasting that they pay outsourced workers higher than average wages for their region. To me, this is tantamount to bragging that â€Å"we don’t abuse those workers as badly as others do†. Frankly, that attitude offends my sensibilities and my personal set of ethical standards. I also deem it to be in direct conflict with the broader definition of corporate social responsibility. Lastly, I think that corporations have the obligation to take the ethical high ground and behave in a socially responsible manner (broad definition). That said, however, I do not believe that it’s a fair expectation to demand that high standard if adhering to same places the company’s very existence at risk due to systemic failures beyond their control. Levi Strauss attempted to â€Å"do the right thing†, but poor rules and oversight make competing in a broad ethical manner quite dangerous to its ultimate survival. Strauss’s example should serve as a wakeup call to U. S. consumers and our Congress: systemic change is needed, and it’s needed NOW. Levi Strauss free essay sample CUSTOMERS’ SATISFACTION LEVEL OF LEVI’S JEANS SEC-F Submitted To: Prof. Suptarishi Purkaystha Submitted by: Akanksha Gupta Komal Shanjan Sinha Tuhina Mandowara Shweta Puri Sujata Barua Akshay Sharma 09BSHYD1012 09BSHYD0386 09BSHYD0765 09BSHYD1032 09BSHYD0807 09BSHYD0866 09BSHYD0060 1 INDEX CONTENTS INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW HYPOTHESIS FORMATION DATA SAMPLE SIZE CONSOLIDATION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ANALYSIS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES ANNEXURES PAGE 3 5 8 9 11 12 20 22 24 2 INTRODUCTION The modern age is known as the â€Å"Age of Consumers†. In today? s cut-throat competition the consumer is considered as the â€Å"KING† and the main objective of the various organizations are aimed at keeping the consumer happy and satisfied. It is very important for each and every organization to keep its consumers satisfied in order to maintain its competitiveness in the market. However when we take a closer look, we find that the consumers satisfaction level towards a company and its leading products vary on one aspect or the other based on a variety of attributes (Kotler, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Levi Strauss or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fashion is a highly customer oriented industry with innovative products, where there are large number of competitors giving you a intense competition. Thus companies have to come up with something different and unique keeping the target buyer group and the time factor in mind since in the fashion industry the product life cycle is very short. LEVI’S STRAUSS CO. : Statistics show that every day millions of customers go for shopping worldwide. Hence every company wants to attract customers and increase their customer base. To ensure this companies have to keep up with the latest fads for satisfying customer requirements. For those of us that want to wear jeans with style and make a fashion statement about who we are, then finding the right pair(s) of designer jeans is crucial to our social standing. Levis offers a great range of jeans for both men and women, but variety is not the only factor influencing Levi? s customer? s purchasing behavior. There may be other factors because of which customers are more or less satisfied which influences their repurchasing decision of Levis Jeans. Invented in 1873, Levis ® jeans are the original, authentic jeans. Levis ® brand is one of the most widely recognized brands in the history of the apparel industry. From updating classics with the latest finishes, fabrications and colors, to reinventing five-pocket jeans, they are always creating new and innovative products The company has also been worldwide appreciated for the perfect fit. The specialty of Levis lies in the fact that it is very empathetic towards people. A good pair of jeans can bring dignity and honor to everyone from common man to the high profile business men, across both the sex and irrespective of income groups. The search for decent jeans is a kind quest, with moments of translucent success alternating with tragedy failures. From its foundation in 1853 and patenting of riveted pants 20 years later, Levi Strauss has become an instantly recognizable global brand. With sales in more than 100 countries, the company employs 12,500 people worldwide. Nonetheless, the last six years have seen the company struggling to come out of a slide in sales. Traditional customers have started buying 3 cheaper or more fashionable clothes. Prices have come under pressure from clothing competitors and from retailers like Tesco buying Levis product on the â€Å"grey market†. Levis response involved product diversification and brutal trimming. Thus in this age of global trading for establishing one as a leading brand in different regions it is necessary to analyze the satisfaction level of customers in that region and cater to their needs by improving on attributes on which customer is not satisfied. Jeans are the nondurable goods, Nondurable goods are goods that are used up quickly or purchased frequently, as food and apparel. Jeans are now a very popular form of casual dress around the world, and have been so for decades. However, there are certain factors that affect their sales, in addition to increase in customer specific needs in recent time there are other factors which affect sales of apparel industry (in particular jeans) like recession, inflation and shortening of fashion products life cycle.. Consumer satisfaction is a desirable outcome for apparel manufacturers and retailers, since satisfied customers can lead to increased store patronage, repeat purchase and brand loyalty. Thus we seek to ascertain the factors for which Levis jeans users are satisfied to ensure that identifying these factors will result in the company implementing policies to increase the satisfaction level of its users thereby assuring increased sales in future. 4 LITERATURE REVIEW Consumer satisfaction is a desirable outcome for apparel manufacturers and retailers, since satisfied customers can lead to increased store patronage, repeat purchase and brand loyalty (Otieno, 2000). Many people have worked on relationship between satisfaction level of customer towards a particular brand and buying behavior of customers. Satisfaction is often used as a predictor of future consumer purchases (Newman and Werbel, 1973; Kasper, 1988). Satisfied customers have a higher likelihood of repeating purchases in time (Zeithaml et al. , 1996), of recommending others to try the source of satisfaction (Reynolds and Arnold, 2000; Reynolds and Beatty, 1999), and of becoming less receptive to the competitors offerings (Fitzell, 1998). Prior research on the economic impact of defecting customers suggests that service companies can boost profits by almost 100 per cent by retaining only five per cent of their customers (Reichheld and Sasser, 1990). Retaining existing customers is generally more profitable to companies than attracting new customers (Hawkins et al. , 1995; Sirohi et al. , 1998). Therefore, it is critically important for apparel industry in particular LEVI? S to identify customers desired service levels in relation to their patronage intentions. The expectations of nondurable goods such as jeans should become strong, stable and generally consistent with a product? s perceived performance (Johnson 1991). â€Å"Levi Strauss: an international marketing investigation†: by Demetris Vrontis and Peri Vronti talks of the Levis jeans business and investigates whether LEVI? S should choose global standardization or adaptation to local market conditions. The authors propose the Levis approach which combines aspects of both solutions as the best way to secure competitive advantage and satisfy its customers ensuring retention as well as increase of its customer base. The understanding of consumer behavior appeals to a set of different areas of knowledge/factors like psychological, cultural, social, genetics, anthropological (POLSA et. al 2002). On the basis of previous studies and research paper and literary articles from PROQUEST and EBESCO a number of variables were found to be responsible for influencing consumers to opt for a branded apparel, of which a 33 variables have been taken up in our study to understand whether they have any implication on the consumers? preference for a branded apparel or not. BRAND IMAGE (PREFERENCE FOR A PARTICULAR BRAND): Customers orientations towards shopping are considered to be important predictors of patronage behaviors, such as preference for brands as well as for certain stores (Darden and Howell, 1987; Gutman and Mills, 1982; Shim and Kotsiopulous, 1992b). Research on brand personality acknowledges that consumers often â€Å"humanize† brands. Respondents typically describe a brand using human personality traits such as extroversion, agreeableness, and dependability (Aaker, 1996; Aaker and Fournier, 1995). o their decision of buying a particular brand is highly influenced by brand image of that product. 5 QUALITATIVE VARIABLES: Jeans attributes such as fabrics, comfort, fit, durability have been defined in previous research (Kaiser et. al. 2003, chowdhary 2002, Enoch 1993, young 1980) as an important factor that contributes towards customer satisfaction about the product. STATUS: Research also associate meaning of wearing jeans(Enoch? s 19 93; Delong et al. 1998), apparels are often associated with status symbol, hence people wear a particular brand which adds or suits their status in the society. For instance in the USA and Europe, jeans have connotations of casualness and rebelliousness where as in Russia, jeans denote sophistication and high status and in Spain the high price turns them into a high fashion item. COMFORT: Brand name and comfort are found to be really important (young 1980) to people though degree of importance of these factors is variable. Here we can take the example of Americans, for who comfort matters above brand name whereas for the Chinese brand name matters most (Minglue marketing shanghai co ltd. 1998). CUSTOMER SERVICE EXPERINCE: There repurchase behavior of individuals are based on the company redressed their grievances in the past. Relationships of redress and repurchase have been examined with service retailing and with durable products but not with apparel products. Though limited research has been done on consumer complaint behavior and apparel purchases, but it is found that there is need to focus on complaints redressed time, response to enquiries and reliability of customer services(LaBarbera and Mazursky,1990) since these factors determines the satisfaction of customer towards the brand. DISCOUNTS: Discount outlets sell about one-fifth of all jeans in the $12. 4 billion U. S. market, according to research firm Mintel International Group Ltd. Hence Levi Strauss opts for the discount game at Wal-Mart? s. There has also been a strong growth in shopping at discount stores.. VALUE FOR MONEY: Fornell in his study found some interesting results about customer satisfaction and price. Price expectations are highly linked to quality and value. There was a direct relationship between expectations of the product and satisfaction (Fornell 1996). Thus we can say that the customer is satisfied if he gets quality in respect of the money he pay for the product. PRICE: Higher price seems to form high status feature along with affordability both of these factors are linked to the economic and demographic factors of the company (Rao 1989). Denim, formerly an affordable classic, has been changed into a product that is highly coveted and highly priced. Consumer? s satisfaction level depends on price as a measure of quality (Lichtenstein et al. , 1993, Veek Burns, 1995). The various studies conducted by Suri Monroe, 2002; Adaval Monroe, 2002; O? Cass Lim, 2002 lead to the conclusion that consumers in general on their market experience tend to decide on an acceptable price which they confirm with the quality of product and determine if it is too high or low . 6 ADVERTISING: There is large number of studies that focus on relationship between advertising, service quality and satisfaction issue of consumers (Lewis 1993). Advertisements are responsible for the creation of a brand image and brand loyalty among customers. Moreover the use of celebrity to endorse these brands has an impact on the brand image and brand loyalty (Aakar, 1991). It is found out that advertising can yield significant marketing advantages by increasing brand preference (Rajagopal, 2007) for a particular product. FASHION TRENDS: Just as the apparel industry is constantly changing, the denim industry is also struggling to keep a pace with it. Every year new cuts, colors, styles, stitching, etc. emerge (FORNELL 1996). So to keep pace with customer satisfaction level, fashion trend is an important variable. AVAILABILITY: Consumers want every design and style, color and shade offered by the company to be available in the company? store at all times thereby increasing customer satisfaction level towards the product. RANGE OF STYLE: Teenagers do not want to wear a brand that isn? t stylish enough. So in apparels range of styles offered by a company matters a lot adding to the customer satisfaction level towards a particular brand. RANGE OF SIZE: There should be a size that fits all. As people all over the world have different tastes as well as sizes , so a customer is satisfied more if the company offers him a design in many sizes so that one size fits him well. CONVENIENCE OF WASHING: Since convenience of washing of denim is an important factor towards adding customer satisfaction for buying a particular brand therefore in July of 2003, Levi Strauss Company finally decided to follow the successful example of others and launch a new casual clothing brand called Levi Strauss Signature targeted towards U. S. consumers for whom convenience of washing of denim is an important factor. PRODUCT PROPERTIES (DESIGN, COMFORT): The products? properties, like design, comfort, individuality, have a decisive role on apparel? buying behavior, which individually may vary depending on a set of factors, mainly on sex (Fischer and Arnold, 1994). DURABILITY OF CLOTHING: European markets are happy with standard weight denim but hotter climates require lighter weight denim and even brighter colors over lighter shades of denim. So the durability of clothing (DENIM) in various regions is an important factor regarding customer satisfaction about jeans So these are the variables we look for making our final questionnaire, comprising of 33 variables from the above mentioned parameters. HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION Null hypothesis, H0: Factors identified do not affect the level of satisfaction of the customer Alternate hypothesis, H1: Factors identified affect the level of satisfaction of the customer In this project we measured the levels to which the customers are satisfied with the product, Levi’s Jeans. This yielded the reasons for their buying preferences and the current level of satisfaction. By using the results of the analysis we will able to answer the problems: Are Levi’s Jeans Users Satisfied With What The Company Is Offering? And What Measures Need To Be Adopted To Increase Their Current Level Of Satisfaction? The rationale behind conducting this project is to recognize the extent to which Levi? s brand is satisfying the customers. Moreover we can gauge where the company lags in serving its customers so as to improve on measures on how we can retain them. The variables obtained would be helpful to understand the buying behavior of the customers . For example, the customers of the particular region want classic Levi? jeans instead of the new designs and those jeans are out of stock ,the satisfaction level of customers in that region is low, the company can improve on it by having an up to date stock of classic jeans. Retaining existing customers is generally more profitable to companies than attracting new customers (Hawkins et al. , 1995; Sirohi et al. , 1998. Therefore, it is critically important for apparel industry to identify customers desired service levels in relation to their patronage intentions. This is just an instance through which we are showing that how by recognizing the variables affecting the buying behavior of customer , the company can improve and work on to have more customer retention and brand loyalty. However, the real variables can only be determined after conducting the survey. 8 DATA SAMPLE SIZE CONSOLIDATIONS DATA The study was conducted to measure the satisfaction level of Levis jeans users. Data was collected through secondary as well as primary sources. Secondary sources included articles on jeans from internet, books, and journals. Primary data was obtained by conducting the survey on the sample size of 350 respondents. Relevant variables were generated and questionnaire was developed to obtain the same. Findings based on questionnaire filled were analyzed using SPSS software. QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN Preliminary Decisions Required information: The questionnaire was designed with the view of finding out how much each of the identified factors affects the respondents? level of satisfaction in his / her purchase of the Levi? s jeans. Target respondents: As the research aims at identifying factors affecting customer satisfaction, the survey has been conducted on 350 respondents consisting of IBS students who were the users of the brand. SAMPLE SIZE Primary data was collected for which the target populations were the students of Hyderabad. The target sample size was of 350 however the data for 330 were analyzed, 20 respondents discarded due to inconsistency SAMPLING: The non random sampling technique was chosen, i. e. , the population elements? selection to form the sample depends, partly, on the researcher? judgment as only the existing customers of Levi? s jeans were taken as respondents. There are no known conjectures that a random element in the population may have a share in the sample. MEASUREMENT SCALE Likert Scale Likert scale indicate the attitudes of the respondents by checking how strongly they agree or disagree with carefully constructed statements that range from very positive to very negative 9 towar d attitudinal object. In our questionnaire we have designed questions of variables with different levels of response each denoting a particular preference. 1. 2. 3. . 5. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree (SA) (A) (N) (D) (SD) Desired pair of Levi? s jeans is easily available? SA A N D SD If the respondent answers as SA meaning 1, this means that he strongly agrees to the fact that the he is fully satisfied with the Levi? s jeans. This scale was selected by us as it is suitable for calculation purposes like arithmetic mean, standard deviation and co-relation coefficient etc. because the research we are conducting requires us to analyze the correlation between the variables, responses and also for factor analysis. GENERALIZABILITY Generalizability refers to the amount of flexibility in interpreting the data and ability to collect data from a wide variety of respondents. Also we consider flexibility to interpret data gathered from variety of respondents. In our survey, we have considered all close ended questions. So, the respondents just have to select their choices from the given options. Close ended questions in our survey helped us to collect and analyze the data because it provides us luxury to collect data in the identical format from wide variety of respondents. 10 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION We have taken the help of reports from various websites and databases including EBSCO and ProQuest in order to identify important secondary factors which influence the decision of users of Levi? s jeans. These databases feature highly-respected, diversified mix of scholarly journals, trade publications, magazines, and newspapers enabling us to identify variables for our study and design our questionnaire. Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha . 828 N of Items 21 SAMPLING Primary data was collected for which the target populations were the students of Hyderabad. The target sample size was of 350 however the data for 330 were analyzed, 20 respondents discarded due to inconsistency 11 ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics is run and the output obtained shows the mean, standard deviation and variance, the sample size and missing values, if any. Mean These are the means of the variables used in the factor analysis. Std. Deviation These are the standard deviations of the variables used in the factor analysis. Analysis N This is the number of cases used in the factor analysis. 12 FACTOR ANALYSIS IN SPSS Factor Analysis is a technique for analyzing complex, multidimensional problems. It is used to Examine the underlying patterns or relationships for a large number of variables and condense the information to a smaller set of factors or components. Purpose of factor analysis Identify a set of dimensions that are latent Combine large number of objects into distinctly different groups or factors Create an entirely new set of factors for further analysis. For example, use the orthogonal factors to remove multi-collinearity in a regression analysis. The method used for running the factor analysis is Principal Component. In our case, we will continue with the default method keep Eigen value =1. The maximum number of iteration is kept at 25. KMO Bartlett’s Test The first table that we will get in the SPSS output is the „KMO and Bartlett? s Test?. The KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy) tests whether the partial correlations among variables are small. In other words, it tells us whether the data that we have for factor analysis is good enough. A general guideline is KMO ; or = 0. 90 : Excellent 0. 80 to 0. 0 : Very Good 0. 70 0. 80 : Good 0. 60 to 0. 70: Fair 0. 50 0. 60: Bad ; or = 0. 5: Forget Normally KMO below 0. 60 is unacceptable. The Bartletts test of sphericity tests whether the correlation matrix is an identity matrix, which would indicate that the factor model is inappropriate. The significance level of this test should be lower than 0. 05 in order to proceed further. KMO and Bartletts T est Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. Bartletts Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square df Sig. .891 2356. 530 210 . 000 13 Interpretation In this case the KMO value is 89. % which according to the standards is considered VERY GOOD also the model is significant @ 5%. Hence the data seems to be acceptable for the study. COMMUNALITIES Communality of a variable is the proportion of the variance accounted by the factors included in the solution. The method used is Principle Component Analysis and the communalities are well above 0. 5 which indicates that all these factors can be considered for the Factor Analysis. However, if we feel that the variables that have low communality are important to our study, we may keep them and run the full factor solution (i. . the rotated component matrix) and see if the results obtained are meaningful. Interpretation The communality of Affordability- Price of the product variable is 0. 733 and the number of factors in the solution is 10, it implies that these 10 factors explain 73. 3 % of the variance of that particular variable. It is always good to remove those variables that have communality less than 0. 50. In our result there is only one variable „Convenience in washing’ (0. 467) whose values is 14 very are marginally less than 0. 5 so we do not remove them from our analysis. All the other variables have reasonably high communalities. The next table is the „Total Variance Explained? table. Eigen values are the variance explained by each factor. It is called the „initial Eigen value? because the factor solution that we have obtained is not rotated and thus may not be optimum. The percentage of variance is the proportion of variance explained by that factor to the total variance. Also notice that the number of factors that are shown in the output is restricted by the condition of Eigen value greater than 1. Interpretation For example, if the Eigen value is 6. 795, then the factor corresponding to this Eigen value i. e in this case FACTOR 1 explains 6. 795variance. The percentage of variance is the proportion of variance explained by the factor to the total variance. Also the number of factors that are shown in the output is restricted by the condition of Eigen value greater than 1. In this case, the first 6 factors have the Eigen values greater than 1 and they cumulatively explain 62. 67% of the variance, therefore we take into account only the first 6 factors to continue. 5 SCREE PLOT The next plot is the Scree Plot which is graph between Component (read factor, in your case) and Eigen value. This plot is a visual inspection as to how many factors explain your data suitably. Normally, the number of factors is chosen where the scree plots flatten out. The scree plot also gives you an idea as to whether you can relax your Eigen value greater than 1 criterion. Interpretation The Scree Plo t which is graph between factor and Eigen value. This plot is a visual inspection as to how many factors explain your data suitably. Normally, the number of factors is chosen where the scree plots flatten out. In this case the plot starts to flatten at 10. So we are considering the first 10 factors only. It also gives an idea as to whether we can relax the Eigen value greater than 1 criterion. Here we are not relaxing this condition. Rotated Component Matrix Like the „Component matrix? , the „Rotated Component Matrix? specifies the correlation between Rotated factors and the variables. Normally, a rotated factor loading of more than 0. 5 is considered to be high. The variable that has at least a factor loading of 0. is said to have highly loaded on to that factor. All variables that have high loadings are loaded on to that factor. 16 Rotated Component Matrix Component 1 Affordability- Price of the product Desired pair of levis jeans is easily available? Durability of clothing (Levis Denim) Durability of Stitching of Levis Jeans Comfortability of Levis jeans Variety/ Designs offered by Levis Strauss Ra nge of shades offered by the brand Range of fitting styles offered Range of sizes Convenience in washing Discounts/schemes offered by Levi Strauss Value for money w. r. product Levi’s responsiveness towards the latest fashion trends Reliability of customer services offered at Levis stores Response to enquiries regarding the porduct from the company Complaints redressed time Advertisements promotions of the product Location of Levis Stores Proximity of Levis Stores Layout of Levis stores Salesmens Promptness in service . 818 . 802 . 728 . 494 . 649 . 657 . 939 . 530 . 725 . 654 . 705 . 767 . 743 . 632 2 3 4 5 . 791 . 464 6 .631 .636 .767 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. A Rotation converged in 8 iterations. 17 Interpretation Absolute values less than 0. 45 have been suppressed. This was done to make the Rotated Component matrix look less cluttered as all factor loadings below 0. 45 would be suppressed but not deleted. From the final rotated Component matrix, all the variables have been loaded into the factors according to the value of their Loadings. And it can be observed that related variables have been collated under one factor. For example, variables like durability, affordability, comfortability, value for money latest styles have been collated under factor1 named QUALITY. Likewise all the other related variables are also combined into one factor whose names have been mentioned. Component Transformation Matrix The final table that is to be looked into is the „Component Transformation Matrix? is the correlation between your rotated and un-rotated factors. Model Summary a Predictors: (Constant), REGR factor score 6 for analysis 4, REGR factor score 5 for analysis 4, REGR factor score 4 for analysis 4, REGR factor score 3 for analysis 4, REGR factor score 2 for analysis 4, REGR factor score 1 for analysis 4 b Dependent Variable: How satisfied are you with the product? Interpretation 18 In regression, the validity of the factors is tested by comparing them with the dependant variable. For this purpose, the significance values at 95% significance level are tested. For a particular factor to be significant, the significance should be lesser than 0. 05. The adjusted R2 (coefficient of determination) shows the percentage of variance in the dependant variable that is explained by the independent variable. In this, the adjusted R2 value is 0. 418 which is good. Since the P value is less than 0. 05(0. 03 in this case) the model holds well. We can see from the normal PP Plot that the regression line is a fairly good estimation of the expected values. The F statistic value is high this shows that the explained variance is 5. 945 times the unexplained variance which again reiterates the validity of the regression model. Interpretation The model is significant at 5% significance level. 19 CONCLUSION The sample is a representative of the target population. The conclusion we can draw from the above statistical research is that the major factors are: Quality of Levi? s Jeans Levi? Store Designs Offered Customer Service Experience Price Discounts offered The above factors are the major indicators of the satisfaction level of the customers. We reject the null hypothesis that Factors identified do not affect the level of satisfaction of the customer as the model is significant at 5%. Hence we conclude that the identified factors significantly affect the level of satisfaction. 20 The variables the factors summary is given below : FACTORS Factor 1 OLD VARIABLES Durability of clothing, durability of stitching, comfort, range of sizes, NEW FACTORS Quality of Levi’s Jeans Levi? s responsiveness towards the latest fashion trends Factor 2 Factor 3 Location, Proximity, Layout Designs, range of fitting style, range of size offered by Levi? s Levi’s Store Designs Offered Factor 4 Reliability of customer services, Response to enquiries regarding the product from the company, Complaints redressed time, Salesmens Promptness in service Affordability, Desired pair of Levi? s jeans is easily available, Value for money Discounts/ Schemes offered Customer Service Experience Factor 5 Price Factor 6 Discounts offered Thus we seek to ascertain the factors for which Levis jeans users are satisfied to ensure that identifying these factors will result in the company implementing policies to increase the satisfaction level of its users thereby assuring increased sales in future. 21 REFERENCES Aaker, D. (1996). Building Strong Brands. New York: Free Press. Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of Brand Personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34: 47-356. Ailing Levi Strauss refits U. S. strategy. By: Cuneo, Alice Z. , Advertising Age, 00018899, 7/15/2002, Vol. 73, Issue 28 Anderson, Brian. â€Å"Levi? s are out, khakis are in. 1999. http://www. wearablesbusiness. com (16 Sept. 2004). Anderson, E. W. , Fornell, C. , Lehman, D. R. (1994). Customer Satisfaction, Market Share and Profitability: Findings from Sweden. Journal of Marketing, 58, 3, 53-66 Bolton R and Drew J H (1991) A multistage model of customer? s assessments of service quality and value. J Consumer Res 17: 375-84 Boulding W, Kalra A, Staelin R and Zeithmal VA (1993) A dynamic process model of service quality: from expectations to behavioral intentions. J Mktg 30: 7-27. David K and Wilton P C (1988) Models of consumer satisfaction formation: An extension. J Mktg Res 25: 204-10 Dodds, William B. , Kent B. Monroe, and Dhruv Grewal. â€Å"Effects of Price, Brand, and Store Information on Buyers? Product Evaluations. † Journal of Marketing Research 28, no. 3 (1991): 307-319 Durable Goods. Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com Unabridged (v 1. 1) Random House, Inc. http://dictionary. reference. com/search? q=durable%20goods (accessed: April 23, 2007). Fornell, C. (1992). A National Customer Satisfaction Barometer: The Swedish Experience,Journal of Marketing, 56, 1, 6-21. Fornell, Claes, Michael D. Johnson, Eugene W. Anderson, Jaesung Cha, Barbara Everitt Bryant. The American Customer Satisfaction Index: Nature, Purpose, and Findings. † Journal of Marketing 60, no. 4 (1996): 7-1 Fournier, S. 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By: Lee, Louise, BusinessWeek, 00077135, 6/28/2004, Issue 3889 Levis struggles to peddle Signature to men. By: Cuneo, Alice Z. , Advertising Age, 00018899, 12/1/2003, Vol. 74, Issue 48 Lessons From a Faded Levi Strauss. By: Zellner, Wendy, BusinessWeek, 00077135, 12/15/2003, Issue 3862 McDonell, Meghann. â€Å"Denim Dilemma. † 2003. http://www. journalism. ryerson. ca/online/downlo/selfhelp/denimdileme2. htm (24 Nov. 2004). Morganosky, M. A. and Postlewait, D. S. , Consumers Evaluations of Apparel Form, Expression, and Aesthetic Quality, Clothing Textiles Research Journal, Vol. 7 No. 2, 1989, pp. 11-15. Morganosky, M. A. and Buckley, H. M. Complaint Behavior: Analysis by Demographics, Lifestyle, and Consumer Values, in Wallendorf, W. and Anderson, P. (Eds), Advances in Consumer Research, Association for Consumer Research, Provo, UT, Vol. 14, 1987, pp. 223-6 Oliver, R. L. (1980), â€Å"A cognitive model for the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction†, Journal ofMarketing Research, 17, 460-469. Rao, Akshay R. and Kent B. Monroe. â€Å"The Effect of Price, Brand Name, a nd Store Name on Buyers? Perceptions of Product Quality: An Integrative Review. † Journal of Marketing Research. 6, no. 3 (1989): 351-357 Semon Thomas T. Marketing News. Chicago: May 9, 1994. Customer satisfaction is relative Vol. 28, Iss. 10; pg. 15, 1 pgs Steven T. Goldber (April 2006)consumers will pay for jeans: Kiplinger? s p-66 Swan, J. E. and Oliver, R. L. , Postpurchase Communications by Consumers, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 65 No. 4, 1989, pp. 516-33 . (Vrontis, D. , Vronti, P. (2004), Levi Strauss: an international marketing investigation, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, ISSN: 1361-2026, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 38998) â€Å"Why Levi? still looks faded. † 2002. http://www. businessweek. com (19 Sept. 2004) Walton, Scott. â€Å"Low-cost, high-fashion. † 2004. http://www. azcentral. com (20 Sept. 2004). Youn, Soo. â€Å"Levi? s jeans going discount. † 2004. http://www. nydailynews. com (19 Sept. 2004). â€Å"Levi Strauss Company. † 2 004. http://www. levistrauss. com (20 Sept. 2004) http://www. ucimc. org (18 Sept. 2004) http://www. responsibleshopper. org (18 Sept. 2004) 23 ANNEXURES QUESTIONNAIRE Consumer Satisfaction level of Levi’s Jeans users * Required Do you possess a pair of Levi? Jeans? * Yes No How many pairs of Levi? s jeans do you have? * 1 2 3 More than 3 Gender Male Female Age How often do you purchase a pair of jeans? Occasionally Once every three months Once every 6 months Once a year In which of the following family income group? * Below 200, 000 200, 000 400, 000 400, 000 – 600, 000 above 600, 000 Your decision of buying towards THE BRAND Levi? s, depends upon: 24 Brand linked status Authenticity of products Publicity Versatility Are You satisfied with the product, Levi’s jeans on the following parameters. Tick appropriate satisfaction level. Affordability- Price of the product * 1 Strongly Agree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree Desired pair of Levi? s jeans is easily available? * 1 Strongly Agree Durability of clothing (Levi? s Denim) * 1 Strongle Agree Durability of Stitching of Levi? s Jeans * 1 Strongly Agree Comfortability of Levi? s jeans * 1 Strongly Agree Variety/ Designs offered by Levis Strauss * 1 Strongly Agree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 25 Range of shades offered by the brand * 1 Strongly Agree Range of fitting styles offered * 1 Strongly Agree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree Range of sizes * 1 Strongly Agree Convenience in washing * 1 Strongly Agree Discounts/schemes offered by Levi Strauss * 1 Strongly Agree Value for money w. r. t product * 1 Strongly Agree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree Levi? s responsiveness towards the latest fashion trends 1 Strongly Agree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree Reliability of customer services offered at Levi? s stores * 26 Strongly Agree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree Response to enquiries regarding the porduct from the company * 1 Strongly Agree Complaints redressed time * 1 Strongly Agree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree Advertisements promotions of the product * 1 Strongly Agree Location of Levi? s Stores * 1 Strongly Agree Proximity of Levi? s Stores * 1 Strongly Agree Layout of Levi? s stores * 1 Strongly Agree Salesmens Promptness in service * 1 Strongly Agree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree 7 How satisfied are you with the product? 1 Satisfied 2 3 4 5 Dissatisfied CATEGORICAL DATA: PAIR OF JEANS 1: 1pair 2: 2pairs 3:3 pairs 4: More than 3 pairs GENDER 0: Male 1: Female AGE 1: 18-22yrs 2: 23-26yrs 3: 27above FREQUENCY OF BUYING JEANS 1: occasionally 2: once in three months 3: once in six months 4: once a year INCOME 1: less than 200,000 2: 200,000-400,000 3: 400,000-600,000 4. 600,000 above DECISION IS RELATED TO: 1: Brand Linked status 2: Authenticity of products 3: Publicity 4: Versatality 28 29

Profile of Death Row Inmate Patricia Blackmon

Profile of Death Row Inmate Patricia Blackmon Patricia Blackmon is on death row in Alabama for capital murder in the death of her 28-month-old adopted daughter, Dominiqua.  Blackmon had adopted  Dominiqua nine months before she was murdered. The Crime On May 29, 1999, Patricia Blackmon, age 29, called 9-1-1 in Dothan, Alabama because her daughter Dominiqua was not breathing. When paramedics arrived at Blackmons mobile home, they found Dominiqua lying on the floor of the master bedroom she was wearing only a diaper and blood-soaked socks, was covered in vomit, and she was not breathing. There was a large bump on her forehead and blood on her chest. After the paramedics attempted to revive her, she was transported to Flowers Hospital Emergency Room where she died shortly after arriving. Two doctors, one of them being  Dominiquas pediatrician, Dr. Robert Head, examined the child and found that she had multiple bruises and contusions and an imprint of the sole of a shoe on her chest. They also observed several older scars on Dominiqua, that were from previous injuries and in various stages of healing. The Autopsy Included in the 30 separate injuries found on her body, the medical examiner Dr. Alfredo Parades found bruises on the front part of her lower chest and upper abdomen and around the right groin. She had also suffered a fractured leg. He also found that Dominiqua had two broken bones and many other injuries that were in various stages of healing. Parades concluded that her death was due to  multiple blunt-force injuries to her head, chest, abdomen, and extremities.  Another discovery found on Dominiqua was an imprint of the sole of a shoe on her chest that was so clearly defined that it was captured in a photograph taken by the doctor. The Trial Dr. James Downs, chief medical examiner for the State of Alabama, testified that he compared the images taken of the shoe print to sandals Blackmon was wearing on the day of the murder. It was his opinion that the sole of the sandals matched the imprint embedded in Dominiquas chest. Downs also said that he believed  Dominiqua was struck with a pool cue resulting in her most recent injuries. Wayne Johnson, Blackmons father-in-law testimony showed that Blackmon was the only person caring for Dominiqua on the evening of the murder, up until the time the paramedics arrived at Blackmons home at around 9:30 p.m. Johnson testified that on the night Dominiqua was killed, he saw Dominiqua  earlier in the evening and she seemed fine, playing and acting normally. He said Blackmon and Dominiqua left his house at around 8 p.m. A search of Blackmons mobile home uncovered several blood-splattered items. Forensic tests found the blood on a broken pool cue, a childs T-shirt, a pink flat bed sheet, a quilt, and two napkins. The blood found on all of the items matched Dominiquas blood. Blackmons Defense In her defense, Blackmon said that the child was injured when she fell off of the bed. Blackmon called several character witnesses to testify in her defense. Judy Whatley, an employee of the Department of Human Resources, said that in her opinion, Blackmon and Dominiqua had a good relationship. Whatley had contact with Dominiqua and Blackmon once a month for five months before August 1998. Tammy Freeman, Blackmons neighbor, testified that she frequently left her children under Blackmons care. Convicted The jury convicted Blackmon of capital murder. A separate sentencing hearing was held, at which the State relied on the aggravating circumstance that the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel to support a death sentence. After the sentencing hearing the jury, by a vote of 10 to two, recommended the death penalty. Appeals In August 2005, Blackmon appealed to the court, arguing that the State failed to prove that the murder was especially, heinous, atrocious, or cruel as compared to other capital murders.  She argued that the State failed to prove that Dominiqua was conscious during any of the  attacks and that she suffered. Blackmon believed that Dominiqua was knocked unconscious before Blackmon beat her, and as a  result, the child did not feel the pain of being beaten. Her appeal was turned down. Patricia Blackmon now sits on death row at Tutwiler Prison for Women in Wetumpka, Alabama.